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超新星-- Narrator: Supernovas --
闪耀宇宙的巨大爆炸。 gigantic explosions that light up the cosmos.
一颗超巨星的死亡 One of the most spectacular things in the universe
是宇宙中最壮观的事件之一。 is the death of a giant star.
它们活得快，死得早。 They live fast, and they die young.
在恒星内核 Narrator: Inside the star's core,
存在极高的温度和巨大的压力。 temperatures and pressures are immense.
我们讲的是，一颗恒星的 We're talking about a billion degrees
核心温度有十亿度。 in the center of one of these stars.
犹如一颗定时炸弹 Narrator: A ticking time bomb
爆发出无法言喻的能量 that explodes with indescribable energy.
在超巨星生命的最后几分钟将诞生 The last minutes of a giant star's life
我们在宇宙中看到的最剧烈的事件。 are the most cataclysmic events that we see in the universe.
♪♪
引人注目的结局照亮了太空。 Narrator: Dramatic finales blazing across space.
一颗超新星爆发产生的光照， That one supernova is brighter
比构成银河系的 than the hundreds of billions of stars
数千亿颗恒星，加起来都亮。 that constitute the galaxy.
这是多么神奇？ How amazing is that?
但是，这些恒星的死亡，掌握着 Narrator: But these stellar deaths also hold the key
生命诞生的秘密。 to life itself.
了解超新星就能搞清楚我们的来历。 Understanding supernovas is understanding our story.
我们的存在，归功于它们。 We owe our existence to them.
Captions by vitac -- www.Vitac.Com
captions paid for by discovery communications
♪♪
此刻，在宇宙的某处， Narrator: Right now, somewhere in the universe,
一颗超巨星被引爆了， a giant star is detonating,
创造了一个巨大的宇宙爆炸， creating a huge cosmic explosion
学界称之“超新星”。 called a supernova.
♪♪
超新星是恒星生命的闪耀终结。 Supernovas are a big, giant dramatic end to a star's life.
♪♪
所有恒星都会死亡， Narrator: All stars die,
但只有最大那个会发出砰然巨响。 but only the biggest go out with a bang.
我们通常认为一颗恒星的质量 For a star to go supernova, we think it has to be
至少是太阳的8倍，在死亡时就可以成为超新星。 at least eight times more massive than our sun.
在我们的脑海里 It's so easy to think of our sun
太阳仿佛是一个巨大无比的东西， as this incredibly gigantic thing,
但是，我们的太阳和宇宙中的 but our sun is absolutely tiny
一些巨星相比实在太小了。 compared to some of the giant stars in the sky.
♪♪
我们用肉眼就能看到这些巨大的恒星， Narrator: We can see some of these giant stars with the naked eye,
夜空中，它们的亮度为十级 and the 10th brightest in the night sky
质量大约是太阳 is a red supergiant
15倍的红超巨星---- around 15 times the mass of the sun --
参宿四 betelgeuse.
♪♪
如果把它放在我们的太阳系里 Betelgeuse is so big that if you were to place it
参宿四就太大了。 in our own solar system,
它会延伸到木星的轨道。 it would stretch to the orbit of Jupiter.
这是银河系中最大的野兽之一。 This is one of the biggest beasts in the galaxy.
同样是一颗濒临死亡的恒星。 It's a star also that is on the verge of death.
♪♪
参宿四的年龄还不到一千万年， Narrator: Betelgeuse is less than 10 million years old,
但这颗巨星的时日不多了。 but this huge star's days are numbered.
它已经濒临爆炸。 It's ready to blow.
♪♪
当参宿四爆发时，将照亮这片天空 When it does, we will see a region of sky
达14天。 brighten for 14 days,
直到它亮如满月。 until it's nearly as bright as a full moon.
这将是天文史上 It is going to be one of the most spectacular
最壮观的演出之一。 shows in history.
♪♪
随时都可能发生。 And it could happen at any moment.
我的意思，就是这样。 I mean, this is the thing.
我经常站在冬夜的院内。 I often stand outside in my yard in the wintertime.
仰望猎户座，看着参宿四。 I look up at Orion, and I see betelgeuse.
想象着突然喊叫起来，“爆发！” And I'm like, "explode!"
♪♪
那么什么会导致参宿四变成超新星呢？ Narrator: So what will make betelgeuse go supernova?
为了了解巨星的死亡， To understand a giant star's death,
我们需要了解它的诞生。 we need to understand its life.
♪♪
从出生到死亡 From the day it's born until the day it dies,
恒星的一生是一场持久的战斗。 a star's life is a constant battle.
♪♪
向心引力的撕扯， Gravity is pulling in,
正在释放巨大能量。 and energy is pushing out.
恒星内部 The interior of a star
把无数原子核融合在一起。 is fusing countless atomic nuclei together.
原子相互撞击， Thaller: Atoms are ramming into each other,
越来越致密。 getting very, very close.
如果它们离得足够近 And if they get close enough,
它们会粘在一起，形成一个更大的原子 they'll actually stick and form a larger atom.
每一秒，巨星就会将 Narrator: Every second, a giant star fuses
75亿吨氢气，融合在一起。 7 1/2 billion tons of hydrogen.
那么多的能量 That amount of energy is roughly equivalent
大约相当于1000亿颗原子弹。 to about 100 billion atomic bombs per second.
真是个大爆炸。 That's a big-ass explosion.
♪♪
这种毁灭性的能量， Narrator: This explosive energy
具有把恒星炸开的危险， threatens to blow the star apart,
但是，自身的巨大引力使恒星保持原状。 but the star's own massive gravity keeps the lid on.
宇宙中的一切，都是一场 Straughn: Everything in the universe is a fight
向内的重力 between the inward force of gravity
和向外的爆炸之间战斗。 and the outward force of pressure or energy.
天空中的每一颗恒星，甚至我们自己的太阳， Thaller: Every single star in the sky, even our own sun,
都是活跃的战场。 is an incredibly dynamic battleground.
在大多数时候，恒星都在爆炸 In many ways, stars are an explosion
实际上，引力太大了，无法将其炸开。 that are actually too big to explode.
引力使它结合在一起。 Gravity holds it together.
♪♪
这两个对立势力之间的战斗 Narrator: This battle between these two opposing forces
决定恒星的生死。 determines the life and death of the star.
体积决定一切。 And this is where size matters.
恒星质量越大，受引力影响，向内坍缩的能量就越大， The more massive the star, the more gravity pushes inward,
恒星向外推送物质变得困难，无法保持自身的活力。 the harder the star has to push outwards to keep itself alive.
♪♪
非常大的恒星就像服用了类固醇 Very massive stars are like stars on steroids.
它们需要和多燃料，来满足其燃烧。 They have a lot of fuel to burn.
它们的体量如此之大， They're so powerful
以至于它们的燃料消耗得很快。 that they use up their fuel at a rapid rate.
♪♪
参宿四这样的巨星是庞大的工厂 Narrator: Massive stars like betelgeuse are giant factories,
把较轻的元素加工成较重的元素。 fusing lighter elements into heavier ones.
但是，艰苦的工作要到最后几年才开始。 But the hard work doesn't start until their final years.
在他们90%的生命里，它们把氢转换成氦， For around 90% of their life, they fuse hydrogen into helium,
最终，氢会耗尽。 but eventually, the hydrogen starts running out.
在超级巨星的核心， In the core of a supergiant star,
产生一系列的融合 there's a sequence of fusion
从轻元素到重元素， that goes from lighter elements to heavier elements,
转换越来越快。 and it gets faster and faster every step of the way.
恒星开始死亡倒计时。 Narrator: The countdown to death begins.
重力的向内坍缩，占据了主导地位， The inward push from gravity takes over,
核心的温度急升。 raising the temperature in the core.
氦开始转换成碳。 Helium starts fusing to carbon.
充足的氦，使其维持一百万年， There's enough helium to last about a million years,
但它也要用完了， but it too runs out,
转换开始加速。 and things start speeding up.
碳被转换成氖气。 Plait: Carbon gets fused into neon.
这需要大约1000年的时间。 That takes about 1,000 years.
氖转化成硅需要多少时间？ Neon fusing into silicon?
大约需要一年的时间。 That takes about one year.
一旦硅开始转化成铁， Once it starts fusing silicon into iron,
只需要一天的时间。 that takes one day.
巨星变得越来越疯狂。 It gets more and more frantic.
有点像烹饪比赛节目， It's kind of like a cooking-contest show,
随着时间的流逝， where as the clock is running down,
他们想完成越来越多的事情， they're trying to do more and more things,
他们变得越来越疯狂 and they get more and more frantic
最终，叮，时间到。 until, ding, time's up.
♪♪
这颗星现在正处于濒临死亡的痛苦中。 Narrator: The star is now in its death throes.
一旦钢铁生产开始， Sutter: Once iron production has started,
时钟正滴答滴答地 the clock is ticking
朝着这颗恒星毁灭性的终点走去。 towards the cataclysmic end of this star.
♪♪
一个巨大的铁球 Narrator: A giant ball of incredibly dense iron forms
在垂死的恒星的中心形成。 in the middle of the dying star's core.
这个铁球有几千英里宽 This iron sphere is several thousand miles across
温度高的令人难以置信。 and unbelievably hot.
那里太热了， It gets so hot there
温度几乎变得毫无意义。 that temperature almost becomes meaningless.
我的意思是，科学家们推测这类恒星的 I mean, we're talking about a billion degrees
核心温度达到十亿度。 in the center of one of these stars.
♪♪
极热是由聚变反应引起的。 Narrator: This extreme heat is caused by fusion reactions.
越来越多的反应，产生越来越重的元素， More and more reactions create heavier and heavier elements,
随着每一步，产生的能量越来越少， and with each step, less and less energy is produced,
直到出现了铁。 until iron is created.
当恒星试图把铁原子核融合在一起时， Plait: When you try to fuse iron nuclei together,
这个过程需要能量。且不会产生能量。 that takes energy. It doesn't generate energy.
因此，一旦核心开始融合铁， So once the core starts to fuse iron,
基本上，恒星是在偷自己的能量。 it's basically stealing its own energy.
不断增长的铁核心 Narrator: The growing iron core
从恒星吸收越来越多的能量。 sucks more and more energy from the star.
引力继续将恒星物质拉进内核， Gravity continues pulling in,
对抗来自恒星内核的外向压力。 overwhelming the outward pressure from inside the star.
♪♪
一切都被压碎到难以想象的程度。 Everything gets crushed to unimaginable degrees.
突然之间，支撑恒星平衡的核反应消失， All of a sudden, there's no nuclear reaction
引力开始挤压它的物质。 to support the star against the crush of gravity.
♪♪
没有东西可以支撑， Narrator: With nothing left to hold it up,
这颗恒星是注定走向死亡。 the star is doomed.
引力赢了。 Gravity wins.
铁核边缘塌陷了。 The edges of the iron core collapse.
数万亿吨的铁， Trillions of tons of dense iron fall inward
以四分之一光速，坍缩至内核。 at 1/4 the speed of light.
现在，这颗星只剩下，不到一秒钟的生命了。 The star now has less than one second left to live.
很快星体就开始分崩离析了。 Things start to fall apart real quickly.
地核崩塌得太快了 The core collapse is so fast
恒星的外层 that the outer layers of the star
甚至没有时间做出反应。它们悬空在那里。 don't even have time to react. They're just hanging there.
有点像野狼， It's kind of like wile e. Coyote,
当它下面的悬崖崩塌， when a cliff collapses underneath him,
直到发觉，它才落下。 and he doesn't even fall until he notices.
♪♪
恒星的其余部分坍塌了。 Narrator: The rest of the star collapses.
成万亿--万亿--万亿吨的气体 A trillion-trillion-trillion tons of gas hurtles inwards,
随着铁向内陷落， following the iron.
想象一下，整个恒星的质量 Thaller: Think about the entire mass of a star
受内部的核反应支撑。 that has been held up by nuclear reactions inside.
突然之间，那些核反应 All of a sudden, those nuclear reactions
消失的无影无踪。 go away in a split second.
一切物质都冲向核心。 Everything rushes into the middle.
引发了宇宙中 And that sets off the most dramatic explosion
最剧烈的爆炸。 in the universe.
♪♪
致命一击的壮丽景象 Narrator: The spectacular death blow
比银河系中的所有恒星都光彩夺目。 can outshine all of the stars in a galaxy.
♪♪
但是，却带来一个问题。 But there's a problem.
我们还没有完全理解 We still don't fully understand
一个坍缩的铁球和成吨的气体 how a collapsing ball of iron and tons of falling gas
如何创造一个巨大的火球。 create a giant fireball.
坍塌的核心如何引发了大爆炸 How this collapsing core triggers a massive explosion
是天体物理学中最大的谜团之一。 is one of the biggest mysteries in astrophysics.
♪♪
超新星-- Narrator: A supernova --
一颗大质量恒星坍缩引起的 one of the most powerful eruptions in the cosmos,
宇宙中最强大的爆发。 triggered by the collapse of a massive star.
你怎么从一场惊世爆炸 How do you go from a violent collapse
引起的严重崩溃中，找到答案？ an incredibly dramatic explosion?
这涉及到人类已知的一些最复杂的 This involves some of the most complex astrophysics
天体物理学，我们不完全理解 known to humanity, and we don't fully understand
这一过程的细节。 the details of the process.
我们忽视了一些线索， Narrator: We're missing something,
因为，几乎所有超新星观测，都在其爆发之后，这就太迟了。 because we nearly always spot supernovas too late.
当你察觉时，看到恒星开始变亮， What you're seeing is, you're seeing the star brightening,
那都是爆发之后的事了。 and that's really happening after the fact.
因此，现在的关键，不是找到超新星 So now the magic key is not finding a supernova
而是，找到超新星爆发前的那一刻，我们称之“突发时刻”。 but finding the moment that we call the breakout.
♪♪
突发时刻指超巨星的死前鸣响。 Narrator: The breakout is a giant star's death rattle.
在地核坍塌的那一刻， It's the moment after the core has collapsed,
恒星爆炸，发出一道巨大的夺目光芒。 when the star blows apart in a huge flash of visible light.
♪♪
然而，在整个天文学史上， But in the entire history of astronomy,
这一刻只被抓住了两次 this moment has only been caught twice --
其中一次，是由美国宇航局，价值数百万美元的 one by NASA's multimillion-dollar
开普勒太空望远镜拍摄到 space telescope, kepler,
另一次，来自一位非常幸运的阿根廷业余天文爱好者。 and once by a very lucky Argentinean amateur.
我喜欢这个故事。 Plait: I love this story.
这位叫维克多·布索的业余天文学家。 There's an amateur astronomer named Victor buso.
他院子里的天文台，有一架非常好的望远镜。 He has a very nice telescope in an observatory in his yard.
他不断地为头顶的 And he was taking photographs repeatedly
同一个星系拍照。 of the same galaxy that happened to be overhead.
他碰巧看向 Oluseyi: And he just happened to be looking
天空的右边， at the right region of the sky,
很幸运地抓住了超新星的爆发。 and he luckily caught the shock breakout of a supernova.
♪♪
抓住这一刻的机会 Narrator: The chances of catching this moment
是一千万分之一。 are 1 in 10 million.
在维克托抓拍一刻 What Victor caught was the moment
冲击波刚好到达星球表面。 the shock wave reaches the surface.
♪♪
他注意到照片上的这个地方， Narrator: Victor noticed this spot
出现一个亮点。 appearing in his photographs.
维克托意识到，那是一颗爆炸的恒星 Realizing he'd captured the first flash of light
相机捕捉到它的第一道闪光， from an exploding star,
他向全球的专业天文学家发出预警。 he alerted professional astronomers across the globe.
♪♪
当我听说维克托的发现时，想，“不可能 When I heard of his discovery, I was like, "no way.
这家伙第一次 How could this guy, using a camera on his telescope
用望远镜上的相机 for the very first time,
指向天空中的一个随机星系， pointing at a single random galaxy in the sky,
在爆发的第一时间 have found this exploding star
就找到了这颗的恒星，怎么会？ in the first hour of its explosion?
这也太好了，不可能是真的。” It's almost too good to be true."
亚历克斯·菲利彭科和他的团队 Narrator: Alex filippenko and his team
监测到恒星发出的亮光。 monitored the brightening light from the star.
我们研究布索超新星的光线时发现 Filippenko: What we found when studying the light from buso's supernova
恒星在短时间内，快速变亮。 is that the object brightened very quickly for a short time
当冲击波，以超音速 when a shock wave, a supersonic wave
穿过恒星，从表面爆发出来。 going through the star burst out through the surface.
当它到达边缘时， And when it gets right to the edge,
巨大的能量爆发出夺目的闪光。 that huge amount of energy is released as a tremendous flash.
那是冲击波突破的一瞬。 That is the moment of shock breakout.
♪♪
可怕的冲击波以每小时 Narrator: The monstrous shock wave travels
近3万英里的速度传播， at nearly 30,000 miles per hour,
冲破恒星表面 bursting through the surface of the star
把它撕成碎片。 and ripping it to pieces.
点火！ Fire!
♪♪
在地球上，我们看到爆炸产生的冲击波。 Narrator: We see shock waves from explosions on earth.
可以穿越气体、液体和固体， They can travel through gas, liquid, and solid,
包括一颗坍塌恒星的层层结构。 including the layers of a collapsing star.
♪♪
这次对到达恒星表面 Thaller: This observation of the shock wave
冲击波的观测更加深入， reaching the surface of the star was incredibly important,
因为维克多在超新星爆发的那一刻， because Victor managed to catch a star
设法抓拍到了它。 the moment is actually went supernova.
这是一个科学宝藏。 That is something that is a scientific treasure.
冲击波的爆发，就像在宇宙中撒金粉， Narrator: The shock breakout is like cosmic gold dust,
昙花一现，仅持续20分钟。 a flash in the pan that lasts 20 minutes --
在天文时间尺度上，就是一眨眼的功夫。 just the blink of an eye on astronomical time scales.
♪♪
是什么引起了冲击波呢？ But what sets the shock wave off?
仅是内核的反弹的问题吗？ Is it just a question of bounce?
超新星冲击波 A supernova shock wave can be explained
可以借助篮球来解释。 with the help of a basketball.
一颗爆炸的恒星， The thing about an exploding star
内核发生聚变反应。 is that the nuclear reactions go out in the core,
然后，外层以难以置信的 and then the outer layers fall in
高速向内核坍缩， at incredibly high speeds toward the inner core,
撞上它，并被反弹出去。 and then it rebounds and bounces out.
恒星的结构带给它这么多能量。 And what gives it so much energy is the structure of the star.
♪♪
当这颗垂死的恒星消耗它的燃料时 Narrator: As the dying star burns through its fuel,
创建不同元素层-- it creates layers of different elements --
核心最重的是铁， heavy iron at the core,
上面有一层又一层较轻的元素。 with layers and layers of lighter elements above.
好吧，假设只有一层， So, let's say there was only one layer,
还有一个篮板，投了个球 and there was a rebound, like dropping this ball.
它弹得不是很高。 It doesn't bounce very high.
如果把它用恒星一样结构组织起来， But let's say it's organized like a star,
重的东西在底部， where the heavy thing is at the bottom,
最轻的在上面。 the lighter thing is at the top.
让我们观察一下，这个反弹是如何进行的 And let's see how this rebound goes.
♪♪
现在，这是一个反弹。 Now, that was a rebound.
网球从篮球上落下 Narrator: The tennis ball launches off the basketball
因为篮球反弹的能量 because energy from the basketball's bounce
向上转移。 is transferred upwards.
同样的事情也发生在一颗坍塌的恒星上， The same thing happens in a collapsing star,
但是，它有更多的层次。 but with many more layers.
所有不同的元素都向内塌陷。 All the different elements collapse inwards.
较重的那层，首先撞击致密的核心， They heavier layers hit the dense core first,
把能量传递给较轻的那层。 passing energy to the lighter ones.
这就产生了冲击波。 And this creates the shock wave.
但这时的能量，不足以引起爆发， But this energy isn't enough to propel the shock wave
产生一直奔向星空的冲击波。 all the way out of the star.
使我们困惑的是，当使用计算机模型， The problem is, when we looked at this in detail
详细研究这个过程时，爆发无法产生。 using computer models, it didn't work.
冲击波停了下来。 The shock wave seemed to stall.
我们无法让恒星爆炸。 We couldn't get the star to explode.
50年来，我们搞不清，忽略了什么。 For 50 years, we couldn't figure out what we were missing.
科学家们怀疑还牵涉到其他条件， Narrator: Scientists suspect something else is involved,
几乎无法察觉的东西。 something that's almost impossible to detect.
超新星机器里会不会有鬼？ Could there be a ghost in the supernova machine?
♪♪
参宿四这么大的恒星死去时， Narrator: When stars as big as betelgeuse die,
它们的临终一爆，引发冲击波 their explosive deaths send shock waves
在太空中飞行了数万亿英里。 that travel trillions of miles through space.
但是，这些冲击波是如何产生的 But how these shock waves are created
几十年来一直困扰着科学家。 has puzzled scientists for decades.
一次又一次， Time and time again,
我们用天文理论，结合计算机模拟超新星爆发 when we actually went back to our computers and our theories
看看其应该如何工作，结果什么也没有得到。 and looked at how supernovas should work, they just didn't.
它们就不应该爆炸。 They shouldn't actually explode.
在计算机模型中， Narrator: In computer models,
气体落在坍塌的内核上反弹 the bounce from falling gas on a collapsing core
无法把冲击波，从恒星中一直赶出去。 can't drive the shock wave all the way out of the star.
缺少了一部分重要的环节。 Something crucial is missing.
我们需要恒星核心内部的情况 What we needed from inside the core of the star
一种全新的能源， was a completely new source of energy,
为恒星分裂 something to actually make that final push
做会心一击。 to get the star to rip itself apart.
科学家怀疑这种能量 Narrator: Scientists suspect this energy
来自一种叫做中微子的神秘粒子。 comes from an enigmatic particle called a neutrino.
中微子是一种基本物理粒子 Neutrinos are a type of fundamental physical particle
对我们来说，还有点神秘。 that are still a little bit mysterious to us.
它们如同幽灵粒子。 They're almost like ghost particles.
中微子穿过我们，都不会发生碰撞。 They travel through us without touching us at all.
♪♪
如光的粒子，光子， Narrator: Like particles of light, photons,
中微子不带电荷。 neutrinos carry no electrical charge.
但不像光子，它们可以穿过恒星、 But unlike photons, they can pass through stars,
行星和我们。 planets, and us.
那么它们是从哪里来的呢？ So where do they come from?
科学家预测，源头来自 Scientists predict the source
恒星本身。 is the star itself.
在恒星中心， In the middle of the core of the star,
产生了一种叫做中子星的天体 you're producing something called a neutron star --
一个神奇的超致密球 an amazing, super-compressed ball of matter
仅有10英里宽。 only about 10 miles across.
当恒星的铁核坍塌时， Narrator: As the iron core of a star collapses,
原子被压碎，挤在一起。 the atoms are crushed together.
质子和电子被迫结合，形成中子。 Protons and electrons are forced to combine to form neutrons.
这个过程释放出大量的中微子。 This process releases vast quantities of neutrinos.
♪♪
众所周知，中微子尽管是宇宙中 Despite being one of the most abundant particles
最丰富的粒子之一， in the universe,
但却很难探测到它。 neutrinos are notoriously difficult to detect.
♪♪
然而，在1987年，科学家们很幸运。 But in 1987, scientists got lucky.
一颗大质量恒星，在附近星系中，完成了超新星爆发。 A massive star went supernova in a nearby galaxy.
1987年，天文学家收到了这份超赞的礼物。 In 1987, astronomers got a wonderful gift.
约400年来，这是第一颗 It was the first naked-eye supernova
肉眼可见的超新星。 in about 400 years.
我们有很多很多望远镜 And we had lots and lots of telescopes
用来研究它的 with which to study it
整个电磁频谱。 throughout the electromagnetic spectrum.
♪♪
编号1987a的超新星爆发 Narrator: But the 1987a supernova
轰击另一台科学仪器 set off another scientific instrument --
隐藏在日本山下深处的中微子探测器 a neutrino detector hidden deep below a mountain in Japan.
与超新星相关的中微子爆发了 There was a burst of neutrinos associated with the supernova.
这额外的奖励 This was just a fantastic surprise,
真是个惊喜。 a wonderful added bonus.
当你试图捕获和测量难以捉摸的粒子时 When you're trying to capture and measure elusive particles
甚至都不知道 that you don't even know
能不能收到信号， if you're gonna get a signal or not,
你坐在那里等着探测器有反应 and you're sitting there waiting at your detector,
突然，这东西就亮了？ and then suddenly, this thing just lights up?
那是多么令人兴奋？ How exciting is that?
这是超新星喷射 Narrator: This was definitive proof
中微子的确凿证据。 that supernovas emit neutrinos.
中微子可能如幽灵一般，但它们不会轻易地从恒星 Neutrinos may be ghostly, but they don't gently drift out
坍塌的核心漂移出去。 from the collapsing core of the star.
必须通过爆发来脱离恒星的束缚。 They have to burst out.
超新星爆炸的惊人之处-- The amazing thing about the inside of a supernova explosion
内部的密度足以捕获中微子。 is that it's getting dense enough to trap neutrinos.
突然之间，压力陡增。 All of a sudden now, there's pressure.
♪♪
当科学家在计算机模型中 Narrator: When scientists add neutrino pressure
增加中微子压力时 to the computer models,
冲击波离内核越来越远 the shock wave gets farther away from the core,
但是，超新星仍然没有爆炸。 but the supernova still doesn't explode.
还缺少一个因素——紊乱。 One more ingredient is needed -- disorder.
因为恒星是圆的 Because stars are round, it's tempting to think
超新星爆炸也是圆的。 that a supernova explosion too will be round.
然而，超新星并不完全对称。 But supernova aren't perfectly symmetric.
冲击波释放能量 Narrator: Energy from the shock wave
中微子以混乱、不可预知的 and the neutrinos heats up the gas
方式加热气体 in chaotic, unpredictable ways.
导致热气泡上升，然后又下降 They cause hot bubbles to rise and then come back down
然后起伏不定。 and rise and come back down.
开始沸腾了 It's sort of a boiling motion.
这会给气体层带来很多湍流。 This imparts a lot of turbulence into the gas.
为了让它运行。研究人员 Narrator: Researchers add all the ingredients
添加了所有的成分 to a supercomputer and let it run.
♪♪
这就是模拟的结果。 This simulation is the result.
当冲击波在离开内核的路上停下来， When the shock wave stalls on its way out of the core,
上面下落的元素，使它产生微小的涟漪。 it creates tiny ripples in the falling elements above.
接着涟漪演变成巨浪。 The ripples become giant sloshing waves.
中子星喷发的中微子 Neutrinos bursting out from the neutron star
加热上面的元素层， heat the layers of elements above it,
使它们泡沫化并上升。 causing them to bubble and rise.
♪♪
最终，强烈的高温和这些猛烈的运动， Eventually, the intense heat combines
在压力下融为一体。 with the pressures of these violent motions,
把冲击波赶出去，宛如星际海啸， driving the shock wave out like an interstellar Tsunami,
把恒星打碎 smashing the star to pieces.
♪♪
事实证明，恒星确实会爆炸。 It turns out, stars do explode.
大自然知道它在做什么 Nature knows what it's doing.
电脑模型。都太简单了。 It was the computer models. They were too simple.
一旦模型变得更复杂 Once the models became more complex,
开始考虑恒星的所有维度 starting taking into account all the dimensions of a star,
超新星模型的爆炸开始了 the supernova models started to explode.
我们认为超新星实际上是简单的事件 We think of supernova as effectively simple events --
非常暴力，但很简单。 very violent events, but simple.
这只是一个很好的例子 And this is just a beautiful illustration of the fact
当你深入挖掘的时候 that when you dig deep down,
会发现，这些都是非常复杂 these are really exquisitely complex
和优雅的流体动力学问题。 and elegant fluid-dynamics problems.
冲击波穿过 Narrator: The shock wave travels through
构成大质量恒星的所有元素层。 all the layers of the elements that make up the massive star.
它需要几个小时才能到达外缘 It takes hours for it to reach the outer edge
触发第一道闪光， and trigger the first flash of light,
但闪光只是超新星爆发的开始。 but this flash is just the start of the supernova.
壮观的灯光秀才刚刚照亮夜空， The spectacular light show is just beginning,
创造生命所必需的元素，将轮番登台，开始灯火表演。 a light show that will create elements essential for life.
♪♪
我们看到超新星发出的光 Narrator: We see the light from supernovas
一路穿越宇宙。 all the way across the cosmos,
然而，我们看到的不是爆炸时的第一道闪光 but what we're seeing isn't the explosive first flash.
那只是庆典前的开场白。 That's just the opening act before the main event.
超新星爆发是宇宙中能量释放 Supernova are some of the most energetic events
最强的事件之一。 in the universe.
银河系中有数千亿颗恒星， The galaxy has hundreds of billions of stars in it,
然而这颗恒星的死亡 and yet the death of this one star
比那千亿颗星星还要耀眼。 can outshine those hundred billions of stars.
恒星爆炸之时， One of the interesting things about supernovas
是超新星的有趣之处， is that when the star explodes,
它并没有立即达到最大亮度。 it's not at its maximum brightness immediately.
那需要几天或几周的时间。 It takes days and weeks.
♪♪
第一道闪光是超新星爆炸的前奏， Narrator: The first flash is the explosive part of a supernova,
垂死的恒星，向四周的太空喷射成吨的物质。 blasting tons of matter into space around the dying star.
正是这些喷出的碎片，让超新星闪耀全场， But it's this ejected debris that makes supernovas shine,
通常比爆炸时更亮。 often glowing brighter than the explosion itself.
♪♪
重元素形成于大质量恒星的核心， Heavy elements are formed inside the cores of massive stars,
在爆炸事件发生时， and even heavier elements are formed
更重的元素不断形成。 during the explosion event itself.
♪♪
极高的温度和巨大的压力， Narrator: As the star rips apart,
将恒星炸开。 temperatures and pressures are immense.
曾经构成恒星各层的元素 The elements that once made up the layers of the star
融合在一起，创造出更重的物质。 fuse together, creating heavier elements.
其中一些具有放射性。 And some of these are radioactive.
放射性元素的衰变 The decay of these radioactive elements
会产生光。 actually produces light.
超新星在这段较长的时间内 That gives it more brightness over a longer period of time
比其他情况下更明亮。 than it otherwise would have.
♪♪
这团明亮的物质云 Narrator: This cloud of brightly shining matter
可以持续数月甚至数年。 can last for months and sometimes years.
♪♪
这些超新星遗迹照亮了宇宙 These supernova remnants light up the universe
就像宇宙的烟火。 like cosmic fireworks.
♪♪
它们通常很漂亮， These are oftentimes beautiful,
是夜空中美丽的景致， beautiful things in the night sky,
因为它们是——你可以看到超新星 because they are -- you see remnants
在爆炸中产生的全部残余物 of everything that the supernova has generated in its explosion.
♪♪
然而，这不是什么轻松的表演。 Narrator: But these aren't just pretty light show.
它们对星系和恒星系的演化 They are crucial for the evolution of galaxies
至关重要。 and solar systems.
主要成分-- Sutter: Necessary ingredients --
有硫，磷， things like sulfur, things like phosphorous,
碳和氧之类的东西。 things like carbon and oxygen.
建造了如地球一样岩石行星 And even the elements necessary to build a rocky planet
这些必备元素 like the earth itself
只能在大质量恒星内部形成 can only be formed inside of massive stars
并通过超新星爆炸传播。 and can only be spread through supernova explosions.
♪♪
美国宇航局钱德拉太空望远镜研究 Narrator: NASA's chandra space telescope studies
银河系最著名的天体之一。。。 one of the most famous objects in the milky way...
♪♪
超新星遗迹仙后座“a”。 ...supernova remnant cassiopeia "a."
♪♪
仙后座“a”是一个相对年轻的超新星遗迹， Cassiopeia "a" is a relatively young supernova remnant,
甚至不到400年。 not even 400 years old.
自从它的恒星爆炸后， Narrator: Ever since its star exploded,
仙后座“a”一直在扩张。 cassiopeia "a" has been expanding.
它现在有29光年宽。 It is now 29 light years across.
钱德拉太空望远镜利用x射线 Using x-rays, the chandra space telescope
在这片巨大的云层中寻找。 has looked inside this massive cloud.
仙后座“a”的新观测结果向我们展示了 New observations of cassiopeia "a" have shown us
这次爆发中 that the ejecta from this event
创造了数万倍 has created tens of thousands of times
地球质量的物质。 the earth mass of really important materials.
70，000倍地球质量的铁， Filippenko: 70,000 earth masses worth of iron,
以及一百万倍地球质量的氧气。 and a whopping 1 million earth masses worth of oxygen.
现在，这些元素对生命，对地球， Now, these are elements that are important to life,
对我们都很重要。 to earth, to us.
血液中的铁，骨骼中的钙， The iron in your blood, the calcium in your bones,
都是在数十亿年前， these were forged in supernova explosions
超新星爆炸中锻造的。 billions of years ago.
这项新的研究 Narrator: The new study reveals
揭示了一些不同寻常的东西。 something even more extraordinary.
仙后座“a”同样是 Cassiopeia "a" also holds
生命的基石。 the building blocks of life.
我们在这颗超新星的残骸中 We see every single atom necessary for DNA
看到了构成DNA所需的每一个原子。 in that one supernova remnant.
超新星爆发是最酷的事情之一 One of the really cool things about supernovas
我们的存在就取决于此。 is that our very existence depends on them.
构成我们DNA分子的物质 Our DNA molecules are made up of material
来自于一颗大质量恒星的核心。 that was once in the core of a massive star.
在太空的某个地方， So somewhere out there,
很久以前某些不为人知的超新星爆发， some unnamed supernova eons ago,
使你能看着我谈论它们。 led to you watching me talking about supernovas.
太奇妙了。 That's awesome.
♪♪
超新星爆发创造了，从构造行星 Narrator: Supernovas create all the elements needed
到孕育人类，所需的一切元素。 to build everything from planets to humans.
垂死的恒星赐予我们生命。 Dying stars give us life.
这是宇宙轮回的过程。 It's a cosmic recycling process.
但是，如果有些恒星，假装自己走向死亡呢？ But what if some stars are faking their own deaths?
♪♪
几千年来， Narrator: For thousands of years,
人类对出现在天空中 humans have wondered about bright, new stars
明亮的新恒星感到好奇。 appearing in the sky,
超新星一直给我们带来惊喜 and supernovas continue to surprise us.
随着每一次新爆发带来的发现， Our fascination with supernova has grown
我对超新星的迷恋，与日俱增。 with each discovery of a new event.
超新星的研究 The study of supernovas
正在经历一场革命。 is really going through a revolution.
使我们学到的越来越多。 We're learning more and more.
最好能在超新星爆发前找到它们，进行观测。 We're better able to find them and observe them.
研究其爆发结果，显示并不是所有的超新星都是相同模式。 Narrator: And it turns out not all supernovas are the same.
有些结果显示，白矮星 Some are the result of white dwarf stars
偷取孪生星的物质 stealing matter from a twin
而且长到这么大，就会爆炸。 and growing so big, they explode.
♪♪
所有其他超新星都是在自身引力 All other supernovas are massive stars
作用下坍缩的大质量恒星。 collapsing under their own gravity.
♪♪
科学家还根据是否存在氢 But just to confuse things further,
对超新星进行了分类。 scientists also categorize supernovas
结果让事情更加混乱， based on whether hydrogen is present.
I型没有氢 Type I are missing hydrogen.
II型则不。 Type ii are not.
因此，天文学家对超新星的这些分类， So, astronomers have these categories for supernova,
可能会让你觉得 and that might make you think
我们已经把问题都搞清楚了， that we've got them all figured out,
但这有个搅局的——让我们前功尽弃。 but here's a spoiler -- we don't.
♪♪
2014年9月。 Narrator: September 2014.
一颗超新星出现在大熊星座 A supernova appears in the great bear constellation
闪耀着明亮的光芒，达600天。 and glows brightly for 600 days.
当科学家检查记录时 When scientists check the records,
发现在60年前的同一区域， they discover a supernova was sighted
他们标记一颗超新星。 at the exact same spot 60 years before.
一次又一次 A star seemed to be dying
这颗恒星都好像要死了。 over and over again.
这颗特别的恒星 This particular star was something
我们以前从没见过， we had never seen before,
看起来很奇怪，几乎不可能。 and it seemed so strange, it was almost impossible.
实际上，它的明暗转换，大约进行了五次 It actually brightened and faded about five times
每次都跨越几年的时间。 over a several-year time span.
并且，每一次都抛射光亮物质 And each of these brightenings would have qualified
都有使其成为超新星的资格。 as a supernova in terms of its total energy.
它是永远不会死的超新星。 It's the supernova that would never die.
这怎么会一次又一次的 Thaller: So how could it happen with the same star again
发生在同一颗恒星上？ and again and again?
这真的是一颗僵尸恒星。 This really did seem to be a zombie star.
一颗恒星怎么会有死亡多次？ Narrator: How can a star have multiple deaths?
答案是它太巨大了。 The answer lies in its sheer size.
我们说的是一颗硕大无朋的恒星 We're talking about a very massive star here,
其质量大约是太阳的100倍，甚至更多， about 100 or more times the mass of the sun,
这是一颗恒星 really the upper limit of what a star can be
可以不分裂的上限。 without tearing itself apart.
♪♪
这颗星太大了 Narrator: This star is so big
以至于核心的反应都偏离了图表。 that reactions in the core are off the charts.
这些能量反应产生 And these energetic reactions
的不仅仅是元素。 produce more than just elements.
实际上，它在内部会变得很热 It can actually get so hot in the interior
以至于产生伽玛射线。 that you produce gamma rays.
这可是已知，最具能量的光。 This is the most energetic form of light imaginable.
伽马射线的巨大能量 Narrator: The gamma rays' extreme energy
支撑着垂死的恒星 supports the dying star
抵抗重力的挤压， against the crushing forces of gravity pushing in,
但它也会影响伽马射线自身。 but it also affects the gamma rays themselves.
超过一定能量的伽马射线，可以完成一些奇怪的事情。 Gamma rays above a certain energy can do something weird.
它们可以把自己转换成物质。 They can transform themselves into matter.
这种转变，在恒星核心的引力和能量之间 Narrator: This transformation affects the delicate balance
影响了微妙的平衡。 between gravity and energy in the star's core.
内核开始坍塌。 The core starts to collapse.
当它崩溃时，会产生更多的能量。 When it collapses, it generates more energy.
这种能量从恒星外层泄露出来， This energy leaks out of the outer layers of the star,
我们观察到星光突然变亮，一个脉冲。 and we sudden brightening of the star, a pulse.
♪♪
它会变亮变淡很多次， Filippenko: And it brightens and fades a bunch of times,
每次都释放一些物质 each time releasing some material
但不会彻底炸碎本体。 but not quite exploding.
几乎是超新星级别的能量。 It's almost supernova levels of energy.
这就是最初愚弄天文学家的原因 That's what fooled the astronomers at first.
最后，脉动停止了 Narrator: Eventually, the pulsations stop.
恒星平静下来，准备好迎接新的开始。 The star calms down, ready to live another day.
♪♪
天文学家仍然不知道这颗“僵尸”超新星 Astronomers still don't know if this "zombie" supernova
是否真的死透了。 has finally died.
我们认为已经看到了 Filippenko: We think that we've seen this final explosion
僵尸超新星的最后一次爆炸， of the zombie supernova,
但老实说，还没法确定。 but honestly, we're not sure yet.
也许现在它的亮度正在消退，但明年， Maybe it's currently fading, but next year,
它会让我们大吃一惊，再次焕发光彩。 it'll surprise us and brighten once again.
这并不是唯一让科学家 Narrator: But this isn't the only mysterious supernova
挠头的神秘超新星。 that has scientists scratching their heads.
来见识一下，编号2014c的超新星。 Meet supernova sn 2014c.
超新星2014c有点奇怪 Supernova 2014c was a bit of a strange one.
最初被归类为I型 It was initially classified as a type I.
♪♪
天文学家划分超新星为I型或II型， Narrator: Astronomers classify supernovas as type I or type ii,
取决于它们是否含有氢。 depending on whether they contain hydrogen.
如果你把超新星发出的光解构 If you break the light up coming in from a supernova
将其光谱分成不同的颜色。 into its individual colors, you take its spectrum.
如果光谱中有氢的信号 If there's the signature of hydrogen in that spectrum,
就是II型超新星。 that's a type ii supernova.
如果缺少氢，那就是I型。 If the hydrogen is missing, that's type I.
当编号2014c第一次被发现时， Narrator: When sn 2014c was first discovered,
它光谱中不含氢。 hydrogen was missing.
然而，后来氢突然出现在它的的光谱上， But then later on, hydrogen suddenly appeared,
我们意识到，不是吧，它实际上属于II型 and we realized, no, this is actually a type ii.
有点像超新星中的变色龙。 It's sort of a chameleon supernova.
它不是I型，没有氢， It went from being type I, free of hydrogen,
变成了II型，充满氢。 to type ii, full of hydrogen.
超新星怎么能 How can a supernova change
从没有氢变成有氢？ from not having hydrogen to having hydrogen?
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变色龙超新星给科学家们带来困惑， Narrator: The chameleon supernova baffled scientists,
直到他们用Nustar X射线望远镜环顾其四周。 until they looked around it with the nustar X-ray telescope.
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它揭示了恒星 It revealed that the star had spewed out
喷出了大量的氢。 a huge amount of hydrogen.
但不是在超新星爆发期间发生的。 But this wasn't during the supernova event.
这是几十年前的事了。 This was many decades before.
这颗恒星质量很大，相对不稳定。 This star is very massive and relatively unstable.
大约一个世纪前它经历了一次爆发 And it underwent an explosive event about a century ago --
没有大到足以成为超新星， not big enough to be a supernova,
但它排出了恒星中的所有氢， but it expelled all the hydrogen in that star,
因此，当时是I型。 so it was a type I.
然后恒星再次爆炸了， Narrator: Then the star exploded again,
但是，这次喷发规模巨大。 but this event was massive.
超新星射出的气体 Filippenko: The ejected gases from the supernova
撞向了 smashed into the hydrogen
上次被恒星 that had been previously expelled
驱逐的氢。 by the star before exploding.
一旦受到喷出气体的轰击 And once the ejected gases crashed in,
导致氢气发光。 well, that caused that hydrogen gas to glow.
使我们在光谱中看到氢 And then we saw hydrogen in the spectrum,
它也就变成了II型。 and it became a type ii.
科学家对超新星了解得越多， Narrator: The more scientists learn about supernovas,
会发现它们变得很复杂。 the more complicated they become.
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因此，现在看起来 Thaller: So, now it seems that we've seen
我们已经观测到每一种超新星。 every type of supernova that must be possible.
我们见过一些非常非常奇怪的， And we've seen some very, very strange ones,
如僵尸型或变色龙型的超新星。 things that are zombies or chameleons.
但一定存在我们并不熟知的类型。 But there has to be something out there that's stranger still.
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那里可能有一大堆 Narrator: There may be a whole zoo
未被发现的超新星 of undiscovered supernovas out there --
令人兴奋，使人困惑，致人死亡。 exciting, perplexing, deadly.
创始之初，可能是它们塑造了太阳系 And they may have been shaping the solar system,
和地球。 and earth, since the beginning of time.
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巨星之死 Narrator: The death of a giant star --
不仅仅是一场史诗般的爆炸。 it's more than just an epic explosion.
它引发了一场风暴 It unleashes a storm of elements
形成了我们周围的宇宙。 that form the universe around us.
这是宇宙中有一个奇妙的生死轮回。 There's a wonderful cycle of death and life in the universe.
独特的恒星诞生了，它们过着自己的生活 Individual stars are born, they live their lives,
直到死去。 and they die.
当它们死后，用新的原子 When they die, they enrich the universe
和新的化学物质来丰富宇宙。 with new atoms and new chemicals.
它们继续形成新的恒星和行星。 Those go on to form new stars and new planets.
爆炸产生的烟烬， Narrator: Dust blows out from the explosion,
形成壮观的星际云---星云 forming spectacular interstellar clouds -- nebulas,
那是涵盖太阳系的繁星苗圃。 the nursery of stars, including our solar system.
我们已知的最大证据之一 One of the biggest pieces of evidence we have
就是超新星自身 is that supernova themselves
会创造一些非常稀有的放射性元素 produce some very rare radioactive elements,
我们仍然可以看到融入 radioactive elements that we can still see
太阳系中的放射性元素。 embedded in the solar system today.
像放射性盐一样撒在上面。 It's sprinkled like radioactive salt.
在我们的星球上发现的放射性元素， Narrator: These radioactive elements,
只有超新星才能制造， found right across our planet, are only produced in supernovas,
证明46亿年前 proof that earth and the solar system
爆炸的恒星创造了 were created from exploding stars
地球和太阳系。 4.6 billion years ago.
最近的研究显示，超新星对地球的影响， But supernovas may have affected earth
可能要大得多。 much more recently.
我们有确凿证据显示 We do have some evidence
有一次特别的超新星爆炸 that there was a particular supernova explosion
在大约二百五十万年以前，为地球带来一种特殊的铁 that rained down on the earth about 2 1/2 million years ago
随着降雨沉积下来。 and deposited a specific kind of iron.
铁-60是超新星爆发期间 Narrator: Iron-60 is a radioactive element
产生的一种放射性元素。 made during supernova.
在这个时期的化石中发现了它的踪迹。 It's found in fossils from around this time.
科学家发现它嵌入了地壳之中。 We see it embedded in the crust of the earth itself.
我们找到一些证据。 We see pieces of evidence.
二百五十万年前， Narrator: 2 1/2 million years ago,
地球上的生命发生了巨大的变化。 life on earth changed dramatically.
非洲草原上的大部分森林都消失了， Africa lost much of its forests to grasslands,
各种动植物都灭绝了， various plants and animals went extinct,
诞生了许多新物种。 and many new species appeared.
超新星怎样改变了地球上的生态圈？ But how could a supernova change life on earth
如此富有变化，却没有完全摧毁它。 so dramatically without destroying it completely?
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超新星爆炸时， When a supernova explodes,
产生大量的伽马射线。 it produces a tremendous amount of gamma rays.
如果它离地球足够近， And if that supernova is close enough to the earth,
你可以想见，它实实在在的破坏了地球的大气层。 you could imagine it really doing damage to our atmosphere.
超新星中发现的 Narrator: Some of the incredible amounts of energy
一些不可思议的能量 found in a supernova
把恒星置于伽马射线的光束之中。 leave the star in gamma-ray beams.
如果光束指向地球， If that beam were to be pointing at earth,
就会破坏臭氧层。 then the ozone layer could be harmed.
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我们的臭氧层受到影响 It affects our ozone layer,
会导致紫外线照射到地表的辐射量增加 which affects the amount of U.V. radiation
从而引发突变， that can hit the surface, which can trigger mutations,
会改变植被的生长形式 which can trigger different forms of vegetation,
杀死海洋中的藻类。 which can kill off algae in the in the oceans.
还有很多潜在的影响。 There's a lot of potential effects.
突变驱动着所有生命的进化形式， Narrator: Mutations drive evolution in all forms of life,
从最简单到最复杂。 from the simplest to the most complex.
因此可以畅想一下， So it's conceivable that, as a result
一颗相对较近的超新星爆发， of a relatively nearby supernova,
在地球上产生了突变，孕育了早期的原始人， the mutations led to early hominids
然后进化成智人。 and then homo sapiens.
影响了地球上生命的进化， That actually affected the evolution of life on earth,
尤其是人类。 and humans in particular.
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古代人类在这个时期出现， Narrator: Is it just coincidence that ancient humans
难道只是巧合吗？ started to appear at around this time?
或许超新星爆发引发了我们人类的诞生。 Or was our humanity sparked by a supernova?
超新星似乎是暴力死亡的典型例子。 Supernovas seem to be an example of violent death.
我们太阳系的形成的 But there were so many steps in the formation
很多步骤， of our solar system, the formation of you,
与超新星密切相关。 that are intimately related to supernova.
他们创造了化学元素， They created the chemical elements
甚至可能推动了我们的进化。 and maybe even drove our evolution.
如果没有爆炸的恒星， We very likely would not exist
我们很可能不存在。 if it were not for exploding stars.
超新星造就了我们生活的世界， Narrator: From the elements in our DNA to the solar system
小到构成我们DNA的元素，大到太阳系。 and the world we live in, supernovas have made us.
我们研究天文学的原因， Thaller: The reason we study astronomy at all
就是要回答我们是谁的问题 is to actually answer the question as to who we are,
我们从哪里来，到哪里去。 where we came from, and we're going.
对于超新星来说，这个惊人的故事 And with supernovas, that's all wrapped up
包含了一切。 into this amazing story.
从字面上看，只是一颗恒星的死亡。 Literally, you are the death of a star.
这些史诗般的爆炸， Narrator: These epic explosions
解开了我们存在的最大谜团。 are unlocking the biggest mysteries of our existence.
超新星的故事，随着每一个新发现， The story of supernova have become more interesting
变得更有趣，更复杂。 and more complex with every discovery.
因此，当了解的越多，我们会发现 So as we learn more, we discover
还是什么也不明白。 what it is that we don't understand yet.
宇宙是如此浩瀚 Tremblay: The cosmos is something that can seem so distant
如此遥不可及，恒星就是一切 and so unreachable, but stars are the things,
向宇宙发出的耀眼光芒 the brilliant light to the cosmos,
与我们有着最紧密的联系 with which we have the most strong connection.
关于爆炸的恒星有很多东西值得探索 There are so many things to love about exploding stars.
它们创造了生命的元素。 They are what give rise to the elements of life.
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从最致密到最巨大的尺度 From the most intimate to the most gigantic scales imaginable,
超新星是这一切的关键。 supernovas are the key to all of that.
因此，万分感谢，超新星。 So, thank you, supernova.
向你致敬。 Hats off to you.
现在，请，远离我们，非常，非常远。 Now, please, stay very, very far away.